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West Africa

Nok, Ghana, Mali, Songhai.

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The Atlantic slave trade

1,500 CE – 1,867 CE

Roughly twelve million people are forcibly shipped across the Atlantic over three and a half centuries.

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The Kingdom of Benin

1,180 CE – 1,897 CE

Famous for cast brass plaques and sculptures, looted by a British expedition in 1897.

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Trans-Saharan trade

700 CE – 1,600 CE

Camel caravans link West African gold to the Mediterranean, and carry Islam south.

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Djenné-Djenno

250 BCE – 1,400 CE

One of the earliest urban centres in sub-Saharan Africa, built without evidence of a ruling elite.

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Iron smelting developed independently

500 BCE

Ironworking appears in what is now Nigeria without evidence of it being imported.

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