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Rome

Republic, Empire, and the long afterlife of both.

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The Western Empire ends

476 CE

The last western emperor is deposed. Nothing dramatic happens that day; the structure had already gone.

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The empire divides

395 CE

East and West are formally separated. The West has eighty years left; the East has a thousand.

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Constantine

312 CE – 337 CE

The emperor converts, and Christianity moves from persecuted sect to imperial favourite.

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Crisis of the Third Century

235 CE – 284 CE

Fifty years of civil war, plague and inflation nearly finish the empire.

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The Five Good Emperors

96 CE – 180 CE

Rome at its most stable and largest — Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius.

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The Second Temple destroyed

70 CE

Rome crushes the Jewish revolt and levels the Temple in Jerusalem, scattering the population.

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Jesus of Nazareth

4 BCE – 30 CE

A Jewish preacher executed in a minor province. The movement that follows reshapes the empire that killed him.

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Octavian becomes Augustus

27 BCE

The Republic ends without ever being formally abolished. Rome becomes an empire with a first citizen at its head.

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The Roman Empire

27 BCE – 476 CE

At its height it runs from Scotland to the Sahara, held together by roads, law and army.

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Caesar conquers Gaul

52 BCE

Eight years of campaigning make Caesar rich, famous and dangerous to the Republic.

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Hannibal crosses the Alps

218 BCE

Carthage brings war to Italy with elephants over the mountains. Rome wins anyway, and destroys Carthage.

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The Roman Republic

509 BCE – 27 BCE

Rome expels its kings and governs by senate and elected magistrates for nearly five centuries.

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Rome founded

753 BCE

Traditional date for the founding of a small town on the Tiber that would take the Mediterranean.

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