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China

From Longshan pottery to the People's Republic.

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Republic, then People's Republic

1,912 CE – 1,949 CE

The last emperor abdicates; decades of war and revolution follow.

Read more — History of the Republic of China

The Qing Dynasty

1,644 CE – 1,912 CE

Manchu rulers expand China to its largest extent, then lose ground to European powers and internal revolt.

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The Ming Dynasty

1,368 CE – 1,644 CE

The Forbidden City is built and Zheng He's fleets sail as far as Africa — then the voyages stop.

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Mongol rule — the Yuan

1,271 CE – 1,368 CE

Kublai Khan rules China as part of the Mongol world. Marco Polo claims to have visited.

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The Song Dynasty

960 CE – 1,279 CE

Paper money, gunpowder weapons, porcelain and movable type — arguably the most inventive state in the world at the time.

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Printing invented

700 CE

Woodblock printing appears in China roughly seven centuries before Gutenberg.

Read more — Woodblock

The Tang Dynasty

618 CE – 907 CE

Cosmopolitan, confident and outward-facing. Chang'an is the largest city on Earth.

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Three Kingdoms

220 CE – 280 CE

The Han collapses into three rival states — a period that becomes China's greatest source of legend.

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The Silk Road connects

130 BCE

Han envoys open sustained overland trade west, linking China to Persia, India and eventually Rome.

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The Han Dynasty

206 BCE – 220 CE

Four centuries so formative that most Chinese still call themselves Han. Paper, the compass and the Silk Road all belong to it.

Read more — Han dynasty

Qin unifies China

221 BCE – 206 BCE

The first emperor standardises script, weights and axle widths, and is buried with a terracotta army.

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The Warring States period

475 BCE – 221 BCE

Seven states fight for supremacy. Sun Tzu's Art of War comes out of this.

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Confucius and Laozi

551 BCE – 479 BCE

Two teachers whose ideas about order, duty and the natural way shape East Asia for millennia.

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The Zhou Dynasty

1,046 BCE – 256 BCE

The longest dynasty in Chinese history, and the source of the Mandate of Heaven.

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The earliest Chinese writing

1,200 BCE

Questions to the ancestors scratched onto ox bones and turtle shells — the direct ancestor of modern Chinese characters.

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The Shang Dynasty

1,600 BCE – 1,046 BCE

The first Chinese dynasty confirmed by archaeology, with a king, an army, and oracle bones.

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Bronze Age begins in China

1,900 BCE

Casting techniques develop independently, producing ritual vessels of extraordinary complexity.

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Longshan culture

3,000 BCE – 1,900 BCE

Villages along the Yellow River known for black pottery so thin it is called eggshell ware.

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